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so thanks a lot thanks Daniel for

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introducing me and really glad to be

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here for the second year to the a black

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one so yeah I will present you I really

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introduce your son something about

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chemical disequilibrium and how we can

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use chemical disequilibrium to assess

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about a bit ability of planetary

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atmosphere so yeah after okay after a

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short introduction about chemical

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disequilibrium will try to discuss

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review which which are the ways to

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calculate their to calculate the

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disequilibrium actually in a chemical

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network discovering a planetary

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atmosphere and then we move on on the

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first results about the modeling of

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Earth and Mars atmosphere and which is

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the link between chemical disequilibrium

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hand a bit ability so okay so actually

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time gave a very very interesting very

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well done introduction about the sense

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the meaning of using a kind of more

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general Abbott ability tool instead

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using something to link to link to will

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too much related to human visit life so

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the life we know on the hurt of course

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hurt is the only inhabited planet we

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know at the point at this point but

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there are some mistakes that very simple

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to to make very easy to make for us so

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first of all is something that will be

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discussed just after metal is the effort

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of is the importance of some molecules

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like oxygen water ozone methane that we

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say okay if we found these kind of

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molecules in the spectra of a planet

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exoplanet we can maybe say that okay

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maybe there is something related to lie

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for some related processes similar to

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life but is not the right divide way to

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understand the problem actually oxygen

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and awesome for example can be produced

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by photochemistry in the hurtin another

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it's also not rocky planets for

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Jupiter's for example Mars and Venus you

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can find oxygen molecular oxygen we can

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find Odin reduce it by photochemistry on

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the other hand you can have a strong

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chemical disequilibrium due to other

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physical processes like fast vertical

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mixing in hot Jupiters so actually I

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visit my research on the work given by

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gene LeBell lock in the 60s and 70s that

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is try to measure to calculate the day

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entropy production that is the

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disequilibrium chemical disequilibrium

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in a planetary atmosphere and this can

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be linked it to the presence of life

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cause it is not only the presence of

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oxygen in an atmosphere doctors for

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example in the Harappan sphere that

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there's a link with life but is the

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contemporaneous presence and you can see

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here this is this is the heard some of

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the herd atmosphere was an earth

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atmosphere diagram this is an inert

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diagram of the atmosphere concentrations

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so the main point is the contemporaneous

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presence of oxygen and mitten co2 and

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methane on the her in a certain I amount

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because usually if you put together in

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the conditions describing the present

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earth if you put together oxygen and

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mitten they should wrap and the final

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equilibrium concentration of the two

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would be totally different from the

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presence one present ones so actually no

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meeting should be present on the on the

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herd right at the moment so this is due

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to the fact that there are many

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processes that are pumping new molecules

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in the atmosphere mainly they are on the

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hurt their biological processes but of

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course they are also as I said other

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processes so they mean him from this

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part of my of my job was to try to

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uncouple the different processes and try

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to give the right thermodynamic

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importance of the different topics a

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different process so how to do that I

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have to briefly try to explain which is

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the way we calculate

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we compute the disequilibrium in a

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chemical network discovery and planetary

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atmosphere so first of all to measure to

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calculate the extent of disequilibrium

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we need to deal with irreversibility of

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a system to deal with the

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irreversibility of a system we must use

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the production of entropy inside this

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system the system boundaries so to be

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just much more practical we have to deal

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with the forward and backward rates of

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each chemical chemical reaction in the

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in depth atmosphere we have to integrate

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the entropy production using this

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formulation we have the gas constant

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you're here we have the forward and

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backward rate we have to integrate this

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formulation all over the time step we

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want to measure this for a planetary

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atmosphere so we have to deal with

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something that is changing during time

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so with kinetics okay and so if you have

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any question about this I can speak

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about this a bit a bit modest about

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quite complex but you can trust me and

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this is the this is our we start from

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the theoretical thermodynamics and we we

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go to the practical calculation of

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entropy production for each chemical

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reaction then we have to sum up together

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okay so the results the application we

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are getting at the moment so first of

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all to have this theory applied to the

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chemical models we had to develop a

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totally new a package to run the

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kinetics of the huge number reactions so

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we go from a few tens to and thousands

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of chemical reactions happening Oh

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together so we had to to solve their all

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these ordinary differential equations or

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together the same moment and try to find

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out to integrate the kinetics of the

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wedge so this is you because the the

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question I showed before must be a

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standard in this way so we have to deal

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with concentrations that are changing

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doing

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okay we are not taking considering the

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atmosphere in a steady state you are

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taking the the atmosphere like a box

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reactor and living this relaxing to the

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one that each twist real chemical

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equilibrium state ok so the

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concentrations will change so we develop

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at this chrome package that is a free

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freeware package you can download from

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this website we already published

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something about that and is a very

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useful package for every kind of

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simulation kinetic simulation in the

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fields of astrophysics and planetary

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atmosphere so it can be used for other

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as the physical processes and from my

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side i am using for planetary atmosphere

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so it is able to cobble together the

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chemistry and other physical processes

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as i said so also the fusion in the case

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of planetary atmospheres so in order to

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have very correct modeling of an

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atmosphere so the first application i

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did was about using a one of the most

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used chemical network for the present

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atmosphere acylated casting 80 model is

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a column model so one dimensional model

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this is the first step we do and there

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is a 64 layer with about 80 directions

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okay thermal reaction 10 mo chemical

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reactions and photochemical reactions

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and then their results i'm going to show

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you are nothing entropy production terms

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but in something more easy ways power

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dissipation / the surface of the heads

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of per square meter and then one

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important player to say that the

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diffusion of this model is working for

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very short time steps but when we try to

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model for a long time the eddy diffusion

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actually it doesn't work so we are

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developing a much more complex but

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actually much more usable Eddie

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diffusion

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emulation for the hell yeah and as I

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said before in order to uncouple the

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different efforts of the different

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processes on the atmosphere we developed

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with developer we run the model with in

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different ways different rounds we

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revolve photochemistry we then without

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ed diffusion between the layers and

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trying to model also pray photosynthetic

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a kind of a photosynthetic heard this it

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was done these two runs were done

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because because if you think about photo

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chemistry is photo are chemical

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reactions using actually water molecule

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see 02 02 03 so molecules that are

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somehow related also to to life so we

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cannot switch off photochemistry without

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considering the habit of life on the

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photochemistry itself so we try to

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uncouple the processes in this way and

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then we also can model the Sufi fluxes

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that of the present earth that are

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maintaining the hearth far from

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equilibrium and in these ones I'm not

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considering the surface fluxes because

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as i said i am considering the hurt as a

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closet box i only have photochemistry

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for the runs that i have and i leave the

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hurt atmosphere going relaxing to

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another steady state so this is one of

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the first result this is the behavior of

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a 0 h molecule during time here at

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second so actually this run was long

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about five four billion years and then

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here you have the eight in meters and

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the concentration in color scale so you

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can see that this is actually the effort

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of the chrome model we can develop we

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can see the development they change in

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the concentration of different reference

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considering all the chemical network

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together okay but this is on the other

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side this is the results in power

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dissipation unit okay again considering

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four billion years so actually you can

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see that the system is quite stratified

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literate

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and you can see different the different

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effort of the different reactions the

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tears that have different kinetics at

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different age given a different sort of

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behavior a different age actually we can

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say as a preliminary results that of

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course we somehow expected is that the

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ozone layer has a very important role in

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the entropy production of the earth

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austria so in the disequilibrium of hurt

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atmosphere but ok don't consider the

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units because this is just to compare

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the different ones here again we have

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the time here we have four different

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rounds with and without editing sorry

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we've been without photochemistry for

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the present her run and for the hurley

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hurt run this Early Head was I mean I

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meant our kind of prey photosynthetic

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earth so in this pre photosynthetic

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heard we have quite no oxygen no

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molecular oxygen no ozone and I amount

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of co2 like maths Samar so you can see

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the effort of photochemistry if you if

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you don't have photochemistry if you

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don't have photochemistry the atmosphere

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is entropy production is differently

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layered but if you don't have life of

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photosynthetic life actually the IR

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amount of entropy is producer up in the

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atmosphere that is kind something very

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straightforward to understand because it

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this is you just 42 photochemistry so we

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have both in the present early hope we

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have both photochemistry but they have

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at the photochemistry is quite different

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due to the presence of rotation

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photosynthetic life that is taking a

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reusing the molecules to make other

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processes like biomass production so

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okay we spoke about hurt but ok we know

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her but when we have a brother of planet

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next to us about which we know something

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quite enough about the atmospheric

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composition atmospheric behavior so I

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considered Mars atmosphere as a

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comparison with The Hurt atmosphere

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entropy production so this is the model

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I consider it again I'm not considering

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here ed diffusion because what is too

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difficult to model this at the moment

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and to copper with entropy production

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and using the same units this is the

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actual result of the comparison this is

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the I'm sorry you can see is a vat per

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square meter so a free energy

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dissipation per square meter of the

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planet this is the only way to compare

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this to different planets because the

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surface of the two planets is different

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and then here we have the two rounds of

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about the present earth to rant about

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the Holy hurt and two runs about maths

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with without photochemistry that the

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main result is a result is that the

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effort of photochemistry is stronger in

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not inhabited planets like prey

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photosynthetic Earth and Mars then on

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the inhabited planet this means that

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life is reusing the free gain the free

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energy not use it yet by the

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photosynthesis sorry the photochemistry

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and use it by to photosynthesis so

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actually this means that when you will

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see a planet with a very strong very

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strong disequilibrium due to

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photochemical reaction then you can say

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if you run the model of the same plan

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without photochemistry and the

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difference is 2 is very huge with the

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compared to the experimental data so the

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data you see with the spectra of Sabbath

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spectra then we can say that it's very

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difficult to death in that planet we can

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find some kind of life or some kind of

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very complex processes that can be

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compared to life but on the other hand

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if you random models within revolve

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photochemistry of the dead planet view

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of server and the models are quite

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similar down there is a a kind of very

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complex process that can be life but

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also can be something else we don't know

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that can

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that is using this dissipative free

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energy so actually we were able and we

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are able to uncouple the headset of

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photochemistry and a short of life at

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the moment just to show you just keep

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that go here this is a kind of table

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about the power dissipation of the herd

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given by how that works so if you if you

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see that the result due to other

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physical processes happening in our

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heart and our atmosphere I love the

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orders of some units too few hundreds of

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bad per square meters so that are

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comparable to the ones given here but by

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the chemistry but they are really

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they're really really eager than the one

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the ones happening on Mars okay so one

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other result is that the mats atmosphere

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is already totally different than the

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hurt one okay also if we divide the

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effort to do to the suface extension so

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just running to the observable we can

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produce into with my model so actually

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we're using some codes that daniel said

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before me some radiative transfer codes

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we can take the results of the chemical

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modeling and translating spectral we can

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observe so here I am comparing comparing

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the specter of the present verb and

355
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episode will be heard so the idea is

356
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that you know as a perspective we will

357
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be able to link the disequilibrium ID of

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each different model to the synthetics

359
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Petra and then we can compare this in we

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00:17:08,410 --> 00:17:05,240
will be able to compare the sip that is

361
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Petra with the adverts Petra observe

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00:17:14,350 --> 00:17:11,900
that of an exoplanet and from this from

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00:17:16,300 --> 00:17:14,360
the conditions of the exoplanet we can

364
00:17:20,199 --> 00:17:16,310
somehow say something about the real

365
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disequilibrium of the planet compared to

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the expected one okay so yeah this is

367
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just about the perspectives actually we

368
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we are developing new

369
00:17:31,720 --> 00:17:30,500
new parts of the model we are

370
00:17:33,940 --> 00:17:31,730
considering the change in the

371
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temperature in the atmosphere due to the

372
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relative transfer and we are also

373
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working with people in Japan in order to

374
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develop a GCM model copelet with the

375
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chemistry in order to model very complex

376
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planets like like the title ii look at

377
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planets next to the star about which we

378
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we know that the chemistry is different

379
00:18:02,710 --> 00:17:59,110
between the two sides of the planet the

380
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the influx at one and the dark one but

381
00:18:08,530 --> 00:18:04,880
we have to consider that there will be

382
00:18:10,960 --> 00:18:08,540
very strong winds here in the in the in

383
00:18:12,730 --> 00:18:10,970
the middle of these two in this two

384
00:18:14,830 --> 00:18:12,740
parties and we can solve this problem

385
00:18:17,290 --> 00:18:14,840
this observational problem just only

386
00:18:19,480 --> 00:18:17,300
Copeland together the gcn so the

387
00:18:24,370 --> 00:18:19,490
aerodynamics of the atmosphere and the

388
00:18:27,370 --> 00:18:24,380
chemistry so yes these are these are the

389
00:18:30,100 --> 00:18:27,380
general results of my of my present

390
00:18:32,200 --> 00:18:30,110
research so as I said we are able now to

391
00:18:34,570 --> 00:18:32,210
uncouple the effort of life and the

392
00:18:36,760 --> 00:18:34,580
effort of photochemistry and we are able

393
00:18:38,800 --> 00:18:36,770
to compare the earth disequilibrium and

394
00:18:42,160 --> 00:18:38,810
the mast is equilibrium we are moving

395
00:18:45,220 --> 00:18:42,170
forward to add 7 to reproduce the

396
00:18:53,539 --> 00:18:45,230
results for other planets and moons so

397
00:18:53,549 --> 00:19:06,499
yeah Thank You Eugene you any questions

398
00:19:12,659 --> 00:19:10,109
when you can when you compute early

399
00:19:15,210 --> 00:19:12,669
early model earth and compared to Mars

400
00:19:17,580 --> 00:19:15,220
do you consider a planetary degassing

401
00:19:20,279 --> 00:19:17,590
two of the primary gases like after

402
00:19:24,899 --> 00:19:20,289
accretion no no I'm considering just the

403
00:19:26,659 --> 00:19:24,909
present present the models and I'm not

404
00:19:32,070 --> 00:19:26,669
considering the fluxes from the surface

405
00:19:33,869 --> 00:19:32,080
G yeah sure sure I mean actually if you

406
00:19:36,839 --> 00:19:33,879
consider all the processes the physical

407
00:19:39,359 --> 00:19:36,849
processes your model should be in steady

408
00:19:43,320 --> 00:19:39,369
state plus four minutes this is why we